Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition.

Ziyan Warneke,Jonas Warneke,Markus Rohdenburg,Petra Swiderek,Janina Kopyra

doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

Abstract

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a versatile tool for the direct-write fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces. However, FEBID nanostructures are usually highly contaminated by carbon originating from the precursor used in the process. Recently, it was shown that platinum nanostructures produced by FEBID can be efficiently purified by electron irradiation in the presence of water. If such processes can be transferred to FEBID deposits produced from other carbon-containing precursors, a new general approach to the generation of pure metallic nanostructures could be implemented. Therefore this study aims to understand the chemical reactions that are fundamental to the water-assisted purification of platinum FEBID deposits generated from trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3). The experiments performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions apply a combination of different desorption experiments coupled with mass spectrometry to analyse reaction products. Electron-stimulated desorption monitors species that leave the surface during electron exposure while post-irradiation thermal desorption spectrometry reveals products that evolve during subsequent thermal treatment. In addition, desorption of volatile products was also observed when a deposit produced by electron exposure was subsequently brought into contact with water. The results distinguish between contributions of thermal chemistry, direct chemistry between water and the deposit, and electron-induced reactions that all contribute to the purification process. We discuss reaction kinetics for the main volatile products CO and CH4 to obtain mechanistic information. The results provide novel insights into the chemistry that occurs during purification of FEBID nanostructures with implications also for the stability of the carbonaceous matrix of nanogranular FEBID materials under humid conditions.

Highlights

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) produces solid nanomaterials with size down to the sub-10 nm regime by decomposing precursor molecules adsorbed on a surface under a tightly focused high-energy electron beam [1]
The present study uses a combination of different desorption experiments to obtain a deeper insight in the chemistry underlying the recently reported water-assisted purification of FEBID deposits produced from MeCpPtMe3 [12]
This approach combines thermal and electron-induced desorption spectrometry with experiments that monitor volatile products being formed upon contact of deposited material with vapour of H2O

Summary

Introduction

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) produces solid nanomaterials with size down to the sub-10 nm regime by decomposing precursor molecules adsorbed on a surface under a tightly focused high-energy electron beam [1]. Applications of this technology range from repair of masks for photolithography [2] and the fabrication of AFM tips [1] to novel photonic [3,4] or plasmonically active [5] devices and sensor concepts [6]. This is usually not the case and material from the ligands tends to be incorporated in the deposit and deteriorates its physical properties [1,9,10,11]

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Conclusion