Abstract
One of the physical effects limiting the intensity in contemporary circular accelerators is the formation of a cloud of low energy electrons inside its beam pipe. The process usually starts with the ionization of residual gas by the beam or photoemission from the walls of the vacuum chamber by synchrotron radiation. The number of electrons may be multiplied through the emission of secondary electrons from the surface of the chamber. If the secondary emission happens in resonance with an alternating electric field of the incoming beam, it can lead to an avalanche multiplication of the number of electrons that forms a so-called electron cloud.
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