Electromechanical Dyssynchrony Is Associated With Right Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction Independently of Pulmonary Regurgitation Late After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among right ventricular (RV) dilatation, dysfunction, and electromechanical dyssynchrony (EMD) in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). Data from a prospective rTOF registry of subjects with moderate or greater pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and contemporary imaging were analyzed. Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms were analyzed for EMD (prolonged QRS duration [QRSd], echocardiographic septal flash, and mechanical delay) and mechanical dispersion. The relationship among these, RV measurements on cardiac magnetic resonance, exercise capacity, and incident arrhythmia or death was analyzed with adjustment for PR. In total, 271 patients with rTOF (42% women; median age, 32years; interquartile range [IQR], 23-34 years) were included. Patients had moderate to severe PR (median PR fraction, 38%; IQR, 30%-47%), moderate to severe RV enlargement (median RV end-diastolic volume index, 161 mL/m2; IQR, 138-186 mL/m2) and mild RV systolic dysfunction (median RV ejection fraction [RVEF], 44%; IQR, 38%-48%). Eleven patients (4%) experienced ventricular arrhythmia or death. Presence of EMD was associated with larger RV size (RV end-diastolic volume index and RV end-systolic volume index, P=.006 and P<.001, respectively) and lower RVEF (P<.001). A sharp inflection in the relation among QRSd, RV size, and RVEF was observed when QRSd exceeded 150msec (3.1% decrease in RVEF for every 20-msec increase in QRSd between 160 and 200msec). Similar inflection points were observed for the mechanical delay between the RV basal-lateral and midseptal segments. The mechanical delay was higher in patients with vs without incident atrial arrhythmia (371 vs 276msec, P=.014). In adults with rTOF, EMD is independently associated with larger RV size, lower RVEF, and incident atrial arrhythmias.