Electromagnetic Waves and Their Application to Charged Particle Acceleration

Abstract

A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with the transference of energy from one point to another without permanent displacement of particles of the medium. The particles under this situation only oscillate about their equilibrium positions. If the particles oscillate in the direction of wave propagation, then the wave is called longitudinal wave. However, if these oscillations take place in perpendicular direction with the direction of wave propagation, the wave is said to be transverse in nature. Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse in nature. In electromagnetic waves such as light waves, it is the changes in electric field and magnetic field that represent the wave disturbance. The propagation of the wave is described by the passage of a waveform through the medium with a certain velocity called the phase (or wave) velocity. However, the energy is transferred at the group velocity of the waves making the waveform. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy exhibiting wave like behavior as it travels through the space. The electromagnetic radiation is classified based on the frequency of its wave. Figure 1 shows the electromagnetic spectrum that consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR) radiation, visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. T-rays shown in the spectrum represent the terahertz (THz) radiations. This region of frequency (1011Hz to 1013 Hz) had remained the last unexplored region between long wavelength and visible electromagnetic radiation for a long time due to the lack of efficient emitters and receptors. Interestingly this region of the THz rays demarcates the regions of most fascinating subjects of electronics and photonics.