Electromagnetic wave representation as a superposition of the quantized vector potential field of single photons

Abstract

Without stating postulates or advancing any hypothesis, we show that a physical representation for the photon results directly from Maxwell’s theory once the vector potential amplitude is normalized at a single photon level. Electromagnetic waves are composed of a superposition of single photon states with circular polarizations, each extended over a wavelength and occupying a specific quantization volume. This representation is valid at any frequency and consequently can be applied for the modeling of advanced devices ranging from X-Rays and UV applications to fiber optics, microwave antennas and radio waves emitters.