Abstract
We propose a novel method to calculate the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation from low-earth orbit satellite (LEO) to a ground station based on the physical optics (PO), ray tracing technique, and geometric optics (GO) considering interpolated atmospheric environments. Our method includes the reflector antenna analysis using PO, the interpolation of the meteorological data using PCHIP and Kriging interpolation, transmission analysis using ray tracing and geometrical optics. Tropospheric and stratospheric environments are modeled using meteorological data-air pressure and temperature, relative humidity, and rain rate-measured at 9 different radiosonde observatories in and around South Korea. Furthermore, we utilize Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) and Kriging-exponential methods for vertical and horizontal interpolations of the raw meteorological data, respectively. Hence, the interpolated atmospheric environments are amenable to the best use of ray tracing technique and GO. Subsequently, effective refractive indices of the stratified media can be extracted via millimeter-propagation-model93. The simplified Appleton-Hartree equation characterizes the ionospheric environment. Considering a sun-synchronous orbit satellite passing through South Korea, we calculate atmospheric attenuation, boresight error, received power, and compensation angle of satellite antenna for various conditions.
Highlights
Low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites [1,2,3,4], revolving at an altitude between 160 to 2,000 km, can offer faster communications with low latency and higher bandwidth at low cost
In the troposphere and stratosphere, the meteorological data are measured at 9 observatories in and around South Korea to calculate the refractive index of the atmosphere
We calculated the atmospheric attenuation, boresight error, received power and confirmed that atmospheric effects strongly depend on the satellite location and rain rate
Summary
Low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites [1,2,3,4], revolving at an altitude between 160 to 2,000 km, can offer faster communications with low latency and higher bandwidth at low cost. Such atmospheric environments can be quantified by measurements from meteorological observatories and transformed into an effective refractive index for the subsequent EM analysis. The attenuation induced by water vapor was estimated for slant paths [12], the oxygen attenuation model was developed by taking the advantage of an extensive set of high-resolution radiosonde observations (RAOBS) collected in several sites worldwide [13], the geometric positioning method was suggested to the atmospheric refraction calibration for optical remote sensing satellite [14], and the experimental transmittance data were presented from urban and rural environments in the troposphere [15]. We propose a novel method to calculate the EM wave propagation from LEO to a ground station based on the PO, ray tracing technique, and GO considering interpolated atmospheric environments. P. 618 model, physical model based on the rain-cell concept, and rain attenuation model in tropical regions [18,19,20]
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