Abstract
The one million times ratio between nuclear and chemical energies is generally attributed to a mysterious strong force, still unknown after one century of nuclear physics. It is now time to reconsider from the beginning the assumptions used, mainly the uncharged neutron and the orbital motion of the nucleons. Except for the long range Coulomb repulsion, the electric and magnetic Coulomb’s forces between adjoining nucleons are generally assumed to be negligible in the atomic nucleus by the nuclear specialists. The Schrodinger equation with a centrifugal force as in the Bohr model of the atom is unable to predict the binding energy of a nucleus. In contrast, the attractive electric and repulsive magnetic Coulomb forces alone explain quantitatively the binding energies of hydrogen and helium isotopes. For the first time, with analytical formulas, the precision varies between 1 and 30 percent without fitting, adjustment, correction or estimation, proving the electromagnetic nature of the nuclear energy.
Highlights
The one million times ratio between nuclear and chemical energies is generally attributed to a mysterious strong force, still unknown after one century of nuclear physics
In order to obtain an analytical formula for the binding energy, the positive charge of the neutron is neglected in this paper, with an error of around 30% [7] (4% when positive charge taken into account [8])
Applying the general formula (2), the electromagnetic interaction potential in 3H is the sum of the electric attraction between the proton and the two neutrons equilibrated by the repulsion between the magnetic moments of the two neutrons as shown on Figure 2
Summary
After one century of nuclear physics, “it is an open secret that the underlying force remains a puzzle” [1]. It is shown that the binding energy of 2H and 4He is obtained only from the equilibrium between electrostatic and magnetic forces in the nucleus. These forces are known since two millenaries, when the Greeks discovered the properties of amber (elektron) able to attract small objects and magnetite (mount Magnetos). (···) From Newton’s law, one can derive that the binding energy of two massive bodies is inversely proportional to the distance between them.” He believed that the neutron was an uncharged particle, needing “forces of a different type (···) restricted to a very short range” [4]. The attraction between a proton and a neutron seems still to be ignored the discovery [5] of the magnetic moment of the neutron, showed its electric charges with no net charge
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