Abstract
This paper reviews the current state of the art in the application of electromagnetic forces to control fluid flow to improve quality in continuous casting of steel slabs. Many product defects are controlled by flow-related phenomena in the mold region, such as slag entrapment due to excessive surface velocity and level fluctuations, meniscus hook defects due to insufficient transport of flow and superheat to the meniscus region, and particle entrapment into the solidification front, which depends on transverse flow across the dendritic interface. Fluid flow also affects heat transfer, solidification, and solute transport, which greatly affect grain structure and internal quality of final steel products. Various electromagnetic systems can affect flow, including static magnetic fields and traveling fields which actively accelerate, slow down, or stir the flow in the mold or strand regions. Optimal electromagnetic effects to control flow depends greatly on the caster geometry and other operating conditions. Previous works on how to operate electromagnetic systems to reduce defects are discussed based on results from plant experiments, validated computational models, and lab scale model experiments.
Highlights
Continuous casting is the dominant process to manufacture steel, producing over 96% of steel in the world [1]
Feedback control systems have been implemented in a few commercial operations with Electromagnetic Level Stabilizer (EMLS) and Electromagnetic Level Accelerator (EMLA), adjusting the magnetic field strength according to the current “F-value” [105], which is an estimate of surface flow strength based on Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN) geometry, mold width, and casting speed [51,75]
This paper has reviewed the many different types of electromagnetic systems used in slab casting to affect fluid flow and related phenomena and the research tools that can be used to investigate and understand the phenomena that affect steel product quality
Summary
Continuous casting is the dominant process to manufacture steel, producing over 96% of steel in the world [1]. The effects of soft reduction on center segregation [18] and porosity [18,19] in the strand has been investigated to improve internal quality Together with these process parameters, the application of electromagnetic (EM) forces is an attractive method to control phenomena related to fluid flow because the induced forces intrinsically adjust to molten steel flow variations, and field strength has the potential to be adjusted during operation. It reviews current understanding of how each available electromagnetic field system affects important phenomena during slab casting, including fluid flow, surface instability, superheat transport, initial solidification, particle transport and capture, grain structure and internal quality, and steel composition distribution during the casting of Metals.
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