Electromagnetic fluctuation and collective modes in relativistic bosonic superfluid in mixed dimensions

Abstract

In Gaussian approximation, we investigate the marginal electromagnetic fluctuation in models of charged relativistic bosonic superfluids in three and two spatial dimensions at zero temperature. The electromagnetism is modeled by the ordinary Maxwell term and the non-local pseudo-electrodynamics action in these dimensions respectively. We explore the collective excitations in these systems by integrating the superfluid velocity fields. We unveil that different collectives mode dispersions are results of the competition between different characteristic scales of speed and that between short-ranged and long-ranged interactions. In (3+1) dimensions, we derive the roton mode reminiscent of what was discovered in the context of the free relativistic Bose–Einstein condensate as a generalization of the Higgs mode and determine the necessary and sufficient condition for the roton to exist. In (2+1) dimensions, besides solving the dispersion relation for the surface plasmon, we prove there cannot be roton-like excitation in this model as opposed to its (3+1) dimensional counterpart, and additionally derive the asymptotic lines of the dispersion in the limits of long wavelength and short distance. These asymptotic dispersions are supplied with alternative perspective using duality.