Abstract
Electromagnetic effects on parametric instabilities of Langmuir waves in unmagnetized plasmas are investigated. A fully electromagnetic treatment of these instabilities removes discontinuities of frequencies that are found to be present in the wave vector space of the electrostatic dispersion equation. Furthermore, it was found that a pair of novel parametric instabilities of Langmuir pump waves emerge owing to the electromagnetic effects. Both of them excite electromagnetic plasma waves near the plasma frequency. One of them is the hybrid modulational instability, which is a four-wave up-conversion process. As the wave vector of the pump wave increases the hybrid parametric decay instability becomes dominant. This is a three-wave down-conversion instability, which has been investigated previously [Space Sci. Rev. 26, 3 (1980); Phys. Rev. A 27, 552 (1983); Astrophys. J. 308, 954 (1986)].
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