Abstract
Low operating voltages, rapid response, and high-throughput fabrication compatibility are key advantages for the development of electrolyte-gated field effect transistors (EGFETs) for biological sensing. Among the key components in EGFET biosensors, electrolyte materials are relatively less investigated, especially alternatives to water-based liquid electrolytes such as ionic liquids, ion gels, polyelectrolytes, and solid polymer electrolytes. These electrolytes enable portable devices and environmental stability superior to their water-based liquid alternatives. In this review, we offer an up-to-date evaluation of the state of EGFET research and gauge the strengths and limitations of high-performance electrolytes for use in EGFET biosensor applications as well as the potential for computer-aided design of such sensing platforms. The recent progress of EGFET biosensors for some popular analytes are reviewed and the performance of these alternative electrolytes in transistor biosensing is assessed. The challenges and opportunities for electrolytes in EGFETs are discussed for future research directions in this field.
Highlights
Electrolyte materials and electrolyte-gated field effect transistors (EGFETs) have gained attention for their printability, flexibility, and potential for large-scale manufacturing as well as their use in IoT devices, making them a promising option for emerging technologies such as artificial synapses [1]–[3], wearable electronics [4], [5], and biological sensing [6]–[8]
electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are well known in biological sensing applications due to their low voltage operation, high transconductance, and stable performance in aqueous environments [24], [25], this review focuses on the use of electrical double layer transistors (EDLTs) due to their relative impermeability which reduces the degradation of the semiconductor, and their potential for solid-state, portable and flexible devices
This review focuses on the applications of electrolytes in EGFETs as well as EGFET enabled biosensors
Summary
Electrolyte materials and electrolyte-gated field effect transistors (EGFETs) have gained attention for their printability, flexibility, and potential for large-scale manufacturing as well as their use in IoT devices, making them a promising option for emerging technologies such as artificial synapses [1]–[3], wearable electronics [4], [5], and biological sensing [6]–[8]. In the case that the semiconductor is impermeable under bias, a 2D EDL capacitor is formed at the interface when ions accumulate, resulting in high capacitance and low voltage operation, which dissipates when the bias is removed These types of EGFETS are known as electrical double layer transistors (EDLTs). ECTs are well known in biological sensing applications due to their low voltage operation, high transconductance, and stable performance in aqueous environments [24], [25], this review focuses on the use of EDLTs due to their relative impermeability which reduces the degradation of the semiconductor, and their potential for solid-state, portable and flexible devices. Adding salt may increase the ionic conductivity and increase the biological compatibility This may cause ion penetration into the semiconductor layer, resulting in higher OFF current and reduced mobility, as well as hindering sensitive detection [27]. Supported by the polymer matrix, ion gels are a very promising electrolyte material for EGFETs
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