Abstract
Poly (acrylic acid) [PAA]-based aircraft de-icing fluids are widely used commercially but are known to be subject to the formation of insoluble gel particles within wing structures. In this study, the rheological effects of the sodium chloride, potassium formate, and calcium acetate with commercially used PAA-based fluids are reported across the temperature range of −15 to 15 °C. Calcium ions have the potential to create gel particles, reflected in the shifts in the viscosity–temperature profile, while PAA aggregation is influenced by the concentrations and compositions of sodium and potassium salts in the water used for dilution. From the data presented, it is possible to create de-icing fluid formulations with the necessary rheological characteristics from stock solutions by dilution using available water sources, providing that the ion concentration is known.
Highlights
In a previous paper [1], the effects of varying NaCl concentrations on the viscosity profiles for poly [PAA]/water/glycol/salt mixtures were reported, in which it was found that a maximum in the shear viscosity at approximately 0 ◦ C corresponded to an optimal liquid for de-icing applications.Ice build-up on aircrafts arises when the temperature falls below 0 ◦ C on cold surfaces, after long flights at high altitude or during re-fueling in the presence of high humidity
We explore the effects of calcium and potassium ions on the viscosity characteristics of commercially used PAA mixtures and on the ability to form a gel phase
Tests for thixotropy using stress sweeps were outside the scope of this study, since the purpose of de-icing fluids is to adhere to a surface and have the ability to be removed at the point of take-off
Summary
In a previous paper [1], the effects of varying NaCl concentrations on the viscosity profiles for poly (acrylic acid) [PAA]/water/glycol/salt mixtures were reported, in which it was found that a maximum in the shear viscosity at approximately 0 ◦ C corresponded to an optimal liquid for de-icing applications.Ice build-up on aircrafts arises when the temperature falls below 0 ◦ C on cold surfaces, after long flights at high altitude or during re-fueling in the presence of high humidity. The formation of insoluble gel deposits on control surfaces and beneath ailerons is a consequential problem of airport and aircraft de-icing [5,6]. We explore the effects of calcium and potassium ions on the viscosity characteristics of commercially used PAA mixtures and on the ability to form a gel phase. This can occur through the preparation and application of the de-icing fluid either by dilution and mixing of stock solutions with local water supplies, or by way of contamination with residues deposited under the wings from runway de-icing fluids.
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