Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing: Confined Electroplating of Alloys for Additive Manufacturing at the Submicron Scale

Abstract

Combining the unprecedented design freedom in microscale additive manufacturing (AM) with the ability to control the chemical nature of each printed voxel could unlock unique possibilities for tailoring mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of metal microstructures. A variety of techniques for micro- and nanoscale AM has been proposed for the fabrication of device-grade metals and alloys [1]. Electrochemical approaches to small-scale AM generally lead to superior microstructures (in terms of porosity and contamination) compared with techniques that transfer pre-synthesized materials [2]. The deposition of alloys with controlled composition, however, remains a challenge with electrochemical small scale AM techniques.In this talk, we will present our work on additive manufacturing of alloyed structures using electrohydrodynamic redox (EHD-RP) 3D printing [3]. EHD-RP is based on the deposition of solvent droplets containing metal ions onto a conductive substrate, where the solvent evaporates and the ions are reduced. In general, this technique allows the direct deposition of polycrystalline 3D metal structures with a resolution of approx. 250 nm and a feature size down to 100 nm. We will present our work in expanding the materials range of EHD-RP from the limited range reported previously to a wide range of metals and subsequently discuss in detail the direct deposition of alloys. As it will be shown, the approach of spatially confining electrodeposition enables the fabrication of multi-metal and alloyed structures with a chemical voxel size <400 nm, hence making a step towards chemically architected materials. We will show how we can control the composition of the deposited material and the challenges involved in its characterization.In summary, we present a novel approach to the bottom-up manufacturing of locally alloyed microstructures, adding an additional parameter in the design of novel nano- and microstructured inorganic materials.[1] L. Hirt, A. Reiser, R. Spolenak & T. Zambelli. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale. Adv. Mater., 29(17), 2017.[2] A. Reiser, R. Spolenak et al. Metals by Micro-scale Additive Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 1910491, 2020[3] A. Reiser, M. Lindén, P. Rohner, A. Marchand, H. Galinski, A. S. Sologubenko, J. M. Wheeler, R. Zenobi, D. Poulikakos & R. Spolenak. Multi-metal electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing at the submicron scale. Nat. Comm., 10(1):1-8, 2019. Figure 1