Abstract
EEG biofeedback (so called neurofeedback) is considered as an efficacious treatment for ADHD. We propose that operant conditioning of EEG in neurofeedback training mode, aimed to mitigate inattention and low arousal in ADHD, will be accompanied by changes in EEG bands' relative power. Patients were 18 children diagnosed with ADHD. The neurofeedback protocol (“Focus/Alertness” by Peak Achievement Trainer, Neurotek, KY) used to train patients has focused attention training procedure, which according to specifications, represents wide band EEG amplitude suppression training. Quantitative EEG analysis was completed on each of 25 min long twelve sessions to determine the relative power of each of the EEG bands of interest throughout each session, and from the first session to the last session. Additional statistical analysis was performed to determine significant changes in relative power within sessions (from minute 1 to minute 25), and between sessions (from session 1 to session 12) for an individual patient. We performed analysis of relative power of Theta, Alpha, Low and High Beta, Theta/Alpha, Theta/Beta, and Theta/Low Beta and Theta/High Beta ratios. We performed also analysis between the “Focus”measure and changes in relative power of above EEG rhythms and their ratios. Additional secondary measures of patients’ post-neurofeedback outcomes were assessed using an audio-visual selective attention test (IVA + Plus) and behavioral evaluation scores from Aberrant Behavior Checklist. We found that, as expected, Theta/Low Beta and Theta/Alpha ratios decreased significantly from Session 1 to Session 12 and from minute 1 to minute 25 within sessions. The ‘Focus” measure of protocol showed high negative correlation with both Theta/Alpha and Theta/Beta ratios. The findings regarding EEG changes resulting from self-regulation training along with behavioral evaluations will help in elucidation of neural mechanisms of neurofeedback aimed to improve focused attention and alertness in ADHD.
Highlights
We propose that operant conditioning of EEG in neurofeedback training mode, aimed to mitigate inattention and low arousal in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), will be accompanied by changes in EEG bands' relative power
Patients were 18 children diagnosed with ADHD
The findings regarding EEG changes resulting from self-regulation training along with behavioral evaluations will help in elucidation of neural mechanisms of neurofeedback aimed to improve focused attention and alertness in ADHD
Summary
В исследовании приняли участие 18 детей и подростков с СДВГ (средний возраст (13,6 ± 3,5) года, из них 12 мальчиков и 6 девочек). Первоначально ЭЭГ-сигналы были получены и записаны с помощью программных приложений на основе BioExplorer с целью отделить сырой сигнал с учетом желаемых частотных диапазонов. В отличие от обычных полосовых фильтров вейвлетпреобразование позволило устранить временной сдвиг при фильтрации таким образом, что полосная фильтрация исходного сигнала в MatLab с помощью специальной программы обеспечивала «общий» сигнал (2– 45 Гц), который затем можно было использовать для расчетов относительной мощности. Статистические методы анализа были использованы для определения значимости номера сессии (1–12) и минуты (1–25) для каждого расчетного показателя ЭЭГ. Был использован двусторонний критерий Стьюдента для определения значимых изменений в данных до и после тренинга, которые были получены из теста IVA + Plus [58] и обзора ABC [6].
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