Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
Highlights
The growing water demand in urban, rural and industrial sites poses serious ecological and economic concerns in water management linked to resources depletion and wastes disposal
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect
The performance of ED processes is governed by membrane selectivity and transport properties, non-Ohmic voltage drop given by the membrane potential (“back” electromotive force in most cases, electromotive force in Reverse electrodialysis (RED)), Ohmic voltage drop, and pumping power consumption
Summary
The growing water demand in urban, rural and industrial sites poses serious ecological and economic concerns in water management linked to resources depletion and wastes disposal. It requires the design and implementation of advanced treatment methods, which represent a techno-economic challenge In this framework, the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) concept aims at developing strategies to close the material loop, minimizing the liquid waste [1,2,3]. Sajjad et al [17] provided an overview on (waste)water treatment via ED, by discussing the main technological limitations. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of studies on ED applications in wastewater treatment for environmental protection and recovery of resources, outlining the current status and the future prospect.
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