Abstract
The electrodeposition of Ru was investigated from solutions of ruthenium(III) nitrosyl sulfate and ruthenium(III) chloride onto seed layers of epitaxial and polycrystalline Ru and epitaxial Au. Using both galvanostatic and potentiostatic deposition modes, metallic Ru was found to electrodeposit as a porous layer comprised of (0001) oriented Ru crystallites, the presence of which was discovered and confirmed by X-ray and scanning transmission and transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) analyses. This finding was independent of the Ru salt and seed layer used. Using X-ray reflectivity (XRR), the average film density of the porous electrodeposited Ru layer was measured as less than the density of bulk Ru (14.414 g cm−3). Increasing the magnitude of the applied current density from −100 μA cm−2 to −10 mA cm−2 in solutions of Ru nitrosyl sulfate increased the from 7.4 g cm−3 to 9.7 g cm−2 while the current efficiency decreased from 9.4% to 4.3%.
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