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Abstract
Hydroxyapatite has become an important coating material for bioimplants, following the introduction of synthetic HAp in the 1950s. The HAp coatings require controlled surface roughness/porosity, adequate corrosion resistance and need to show favorable tribological behavior. The deposition rate must be sufficiently fast and the coating technique needs to be applied at different scales on substrates having a diverse structure, composition, size, and shape. A detailed overview of dry and wet coating methods is given. The benefits of electrodeposition include controlled thickness and morphology, ability to coat a wide range of component size/shape and ease of industrial processing. Pulsed current and potential techniques have provided denser and more uniform coatings on different metallic materials/implants. The mechanism of HAp electrodeposition is considered and the effect of operational variables on deposit properties is highlighted. The most recent progress in the field is critically reviewed. Developments in mineral substituted and included particle, composite HAp coatings, including those reinforced by metallic, ceramic and polymeric particles; carbon nanotubes, modified graphenes, chitosan, and heparin, are considered in detail. Technical challenges which deserve further research are identified and a forward look in the field of the electrodeposited HAp coatings is taken.
Highlights
A bioimplant is a material, device, or tissue, which is inserted into the body during a surgical procedure to replace or repair the damaged component
There is a broad spectrum of possible pre-treatments before electrodeposition of HAp, including anodizing, heat treatment, alkali treatment, grinding, etching, passivation, high energy low current direct current (DC) electron beam (HELCDEB) irradiation, which have been employed for attaining enhanced properties such as improving adhesion strength between the coating and implant, suppressing the toxic ion release from the implant, and promoting the corrosion protection efficiency
While it is demonstrated that both in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility of the as-deposited coatings are increased with alkali treatment owing to higher stability and formation of needle-like particles that provide larger surface area for contacting with simulated body fluid (SBF) [25,105,155], Eliaz et al [168] have indicated that the biocompatibility of the layers degrades with post-treatment due to the increased hydrophobicity obtained after immersion in NaOH
Summary
A bioimplant is a material, device, or tissue, which is inserted into the body during a surgical procedure to replace or repair the damaged component. The bone/implant interface plays a vital role in determining durability, integrity, and final success and has become a major criterion in the selection of an implant material Factors such as surface topography, roughness, morphology, and chemical composition strongly affect osseointegration. The family of CaP encompasses four main members, namely dicalcium dihydrogen phosphate or brushite (DCPD), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) Among these phases, HAp with Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67 has the highest biocompatibility arise from its similar composition to the natural bone along with favorable surface chemistry supporting the bone development. (i) Acceptable biological performance embracing biocompatibility, i.e., allowing the human body cell to remain viable, grow, and properly carry out its duties in addition to offering suitable bioactivity, including encouraged formation of apatite, as the main constituent of bone and tooth. Osistiitoionnoof fcocaotaitningsgstotoimimprporvoevethtehemmecehcahnaincaicl,aal,natni-tcio-crororrsoiosnio, na,nadnbdioblioogloicgailcapleprfeorrfmoramncaencoef ooIAtoInhnfffletttptphhhhiaaoemeerrutitrrpimigeeccllhluuapaalnltmtlaaiaitvvrrsna,,ee.ntnnsEmymoo.aEttpeecaararahiilclpttllhtssececrootoocsefhafachtttnthihihaninneqveggisseuqeettedueeccciehcooshhacahannustatiiiissinqnqtsguisugetdesebttseseebtccanheahhrnereneenfieoiisfstqpqiusutuuesiairetteaneaessndtddaiadnnttnlogiolddmilmplatatihrhrtiriagtegneateecritroieioeoponssrrnluusepps,lslt,rtiraaobtiontndeidisthtusudiidcimncemtetdipippoopocononoossrrisaisttttcactacaicnannhlhltegteaattrporptoaearrcbcocbothteceeceneerarasiisiwwqsssstiutiianaincecrrgsgssee..,.. a concise overview provides background
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