Abstract
Electrode materials are key components in typical batteries, where the electrodes are generally fabricated onto current collectors in solid forms and are isolated by a separator. However, the preparation of the electrodes increases the fabrication complexity, which speeds down their large-scale production. Here, series of static electrode-less MnO2 -metal batteries are presented that are facilely fabricated by using carbon current collectors and electrolytes. The MnO2 -metal batteries are operated in dual-deposition/stripping chemistries of Mn2+ /MnO2 on the cathode and M/Mx+ on the anode. The MnO2 -Cd/Zn/Cu batteries exhibit remarkable rates up to 200 C, excellent reversibility of 15000 cycles, and realistic gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 93.7Wh kg-1 and 134Wh L-1 , respectively. Impressively, the MnO2 -Cd battery can achieve over 160000 cycles in the high current pulse test, showing promises in the applications of electrical vehicle's start-stop and large-scale energy storage.
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