Electroconvulsive treatment requires adult neurogenesis to rescue behavior in a mouse model of stress-induced depression

Abstract

s / Brain Stimulation 8 (2015) 378e394 385 ipsilateral silent period (ISP); the movement induced by TMS in upper limbs (mov-TMS) and the effects of subthreshold TMS on segmental reflexes (TMS-H). 1) The ISP is obtained when focal TMS is applied to one hemisphere while voluntarily contracting the ipsilateral hand. It has been used in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonisms. We found it present in patients with focal ischaemic lesions when no contralateral MEP is present and its latency and duration correlated with the presence of other signs with prognostic value. 2) Generation of movements by TMS could be related to the size of the MEP in the agonist muscle. However, the MEPs from the wrist extensors are usually bigger than the ones in the wrist flexors and, yet, the wrist movements generated by focal TMS are mostly in flexion. An analysis of this behaviour could help in determining the control of elastic properties and the stretch reflex in diseases such as focal dystonia, parkinsonism and spasticity. 3) Subthreshold TMS induce changes in the excitability of spinal interneurons and motoneurons that can be tested by examining the size of the H reflex at a variable time after TMS. An early facilitation phase is related to the effectiveness of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials on alpha motoneurons and has been found abnormal in patients with spastic paraparesis. A later facilitation phase is likely dependent on reticulospinal inputs and has been found abnormal in parkinsonisms. Further work is needed to fully understand the underlying physiology and clinical applicability of these tests.