Abstract
Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) is produced near a cathode during electrolysis and exhibits an alkaline pH, contains richly dissolved hydrogen, and contains a small amount of platinum nanoparticles. ERW has reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and recent studies demonstrated that hydrogen-dissolved water exhibits ROS-scavenging activity. Thus, the antioxidative capacity of ERW is postulated to be dependent on the presence of hydrogen levels; however, there is no report verifying the role of dissolved hydrogen in ERW. In this report, we clarify whether the responsive factor for antioxidative activity in ERW is dissolved hydrogen. The intracellular ROS scavenging activity of ERW and hydrogen-dissolved water was tested by both fluorescent stain method and immuno spin trapping assay. We confirm that ERW possessed electrolysis intensity-dependent intracellular ROS-scavenging activity, and ERW exerts significantly superior ROS-scavenging activity in HT1080 cells than the equivalent level of hydrogen-dissolved water. ERW retained its ROS-scavenging activity after removal of dissolved hydrogen, but lost its activity when autoclaved. An oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and chemiluminescence assay could not detect radical-scavenging activity in both ERW and hydrogen-dissolved water. These results indicate that ERW contains electrolysis-dependent hydrogen and an additional antioxidative factor predicted to be platinum nanoparticles.
Highlights
It has been reported that tap water purifier coverage rate reached almost 60% in an urban area of Japan [1]
Characterization of several types of water. Parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved H2 (DH) were measured for several types of water, including MQ, tap water, filtered water without electrolysis (FW) and Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) (ERWLV1–LV4)
ERW: levels 1 (ERWLV1) is ERW generated by electrolyzing filtered water at level 1 with constant electric current at 50 V upper limit voltage and a flow rate of 1.8–2.0 l/min
Summary
It has been reported that tap water purifier coverage rate reached almost 60% in an urban area of Japan [1]. The higher distribution rate of the purifiers arises from customers’ increasingly higher health-oriented desire to drink purer and safer water, which is free from tap water contaminants such as chlorine and its derivative trihalomethane, hormone-disrupting chemicals, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0171192. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by electrochemically-reduced water additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section
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