Abstract
Glucose is one of the most important monosaccharides found in the food, as a part of more complex structures, which is a primary energy source for the brain and body. Thus, the monitoring of glucose concentration is more important in food and biological samples in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Herein, an electrochemical glucose biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOX) onto poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):4-sulfocalix [4]arene (PEDOT:SCX)/MXene modified electrode. For this purpose, firstly, PEDOT was synthesized in the presence of SCX (counterion) by the chemical oxidative method. Secondly, MXene (a 2D layered material) was synthesized by using a high-temperature furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere. After that, PEDOT:SCX/MXene (1:1) dispersion was prepared by ultrasonication which was later utilized to prepare PEDOT:SCX/MXene hybrid film. A successful formation of PEDOT:SCX/MXene film was confirmed by HR-SEM, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopies. Due to the biocompatibility nature, successful immobilization of GOX was carried out onto chitosan modified PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GCE. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE was studied through cyclic voltammetry and amperometry methods. Interestingly, a stable redox peak of FAD-GOX was observed at a formal potential of –0.435 V on PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE which indicated a direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode surface. PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE also exhibited a linear response against glucose concentrations in the linear range from 0.5 to 8 mM. The effect of pH, sensors reproducibility, and repeatability of the PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX/GCE sensor were studied. Finally, this new biosensor was successfully applied to detect glucose in commercial fruit juice sample with satisfactory recovery.
Highlights
In the field of medical diagnosis and personal healthcare, diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death and disability of humans all around the globe [1]
This mixture was bath sonicated for a few min and 5 μL of the glucose oxidase (GOX) (0.5 mg/mL) solution solution was drop-casted on PEDOT:sulfocalix [4]arene (SCX)/MXene/Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and dried at 4 °C for few hours was drop-casted on PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GCE and dried at 4 ◦ C for few hours (Scheme 1)
Using PEDOT:SCX solution, the dispersibility of the MXene was achieved in water to obtain a stable PEDOT:SCX/MXene composite
Summary
In the field of medical diagnosis and personal healthcare, diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death and disability of humans all around the globe [1]. Non-enzymatic sensors had shown some limitations such as poor selectivity, low sensitivity in physiological pH, quick surface poisoning by the intermediate adsorption and loss of sensor activity [20] To avoid these problems, electrochemical enzymatic biosensors have been developed for the accurate detection of glucose. To investigate the potential application of the nanocomposite, PEDOT:SCX/MXene film was prepared and used to immobilize GOX using chitosan as a binder [73]. PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX was applied for the electrochemical detection of glucose. It exhibited good electrochemical activity through the redox peak of FAD at the formal potential of −0.435 V [77]. PEDOT:SCX/MXene/GOX coated GCE responded linearly with the additions of glucose from 0.5–8 mM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 22.5 μM.
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