Abstract
To manage the COVID-19 pandemic, development of rapid, selective, sensitive diagnostic systems for early stage β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) virus protein detection is emerging as a necessary response to generate the bioinformatics needed for efficient smart diagnostics, optimization of therapy, and investigation of therapies of higher efficacy. The urgent need for such diagnostic systems is recommended by experts in order to achieve the mass and targeted SARS-CoV-2 detection required to manage the COVID-19 pandemic through the understanding of infection progression and timely therapy decisions. To achieve these tasks, there is a scope for developing smart sensors to rapidly and selectively detect SARS-CoV-2 protein at the picomolar level. COVID-19 infection, due to human-to-human transmission, demands diagnostics at the point-of-care (POC) without the need of experienced labor and sophisticated laboratories. Keeping the above-mentioned considerations, we propose to explore the compartmentalization approach by designing and developing nanoenabled miniaturized electrochemical biosensors to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus at the site of the epidemic as the best way to manage the pandemic. Such COVID-19 diagnostics approach based on a POC sensing technology can be interfaced with the Internet of things and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques (such as machine learning and deep learning for diagnostics) for investigating useful informatics via data storage, sharing, and analytics. Keeping COVID-19 management related challenges and aspects under consideration, our work in this review presents a collective approach involving electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensing supported by AI to generate the bioinformatics needed for early stage COVID-19 diagnosis, correlation of viral load with pathogenesis, understanding of pandemic progression, therapy optimization, POC diagnostics, and diseases management in a personalized manner.
Highlights
Since the first case was reported by Chinese physicians in late 2019, the β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a life-threatening respiratory infectious disease (COVID-19)[1−4] which is continuously affecting socio-economic aspects along with national financial policies.[5,6] Medical health experts and the medical administration of Wuhan municipal health committee observed unexpected pneumonia emerging by unknown causes and unknown ways for dealing and handling it.[3,4] The number of affected patients started growing rapidly, and the actual reason was unknown to prescribe a suitable therapy
COVID-19 infection was declared as a pandemic by WHO20 because it has affected more than 30.0 million people in 227 countries and approximately 30% of cases belong to the United States of America (USA)
State-of-the-art vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2, categories of vaccines, therapeutics mechanisms, and aspects to promote them for COVID-19 management are summarized by Callaway[35] and Amanat along with Krammer.[38]
Summary
Since the first case was reported by Chinese physicians in late 2019, the β-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a life-threatening respiratory infectious disease (COVID-19)[1−4] which is continuously affecting socio-economic aspects along with national financial policies.[5,6] Medical health experts and the medical administration of Wuhan municipal health committee observed unexpected pneumonia emerging by unknown causes and unknown ways for dealing and handling it.[3,4] The number of affected patients started growing rapidly, and the actual reason was unknown to prescribe a suitable therapy. In the unprecedented present situation and considering the severity of a rapidly increasing respiratory disorder associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, efforts were made to release advisories and guidelines mainly based on self-protection or protecting each other (Figure 1C) to avoid human-to-human (H2H) transmission through the use of an appropriate maskbased effort for social and profession involvements.[10−13] The association of SARS-CoV-2 virus spreading through aerosolization and droplet methods has been proven, and using a very simple mask, made of simple cloth (cotton, silk, and so on) or of disposal surgical purpose, can reduce infection risk significantly.[14−16] Besides, having a careful practice of sanitization and social/physical distance is among the top recommendations of experts.[17] The COVID-19 disease became an epidemic as a declared international health emergency in a short period of time because of its immediate adverse effect on the respiratory system, especially in the immune-compromised population.[8] SARS-CoV-2 virus, which transmits H2H,18 via contact and aerosol droplets, has a novel strain more active site (S1 protein) to bind with host cells’ receptors, i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[19] COVID-19 infection was declared as a pandemic by WHO20 because it has affected more than 30.0 million people in 227 countries and approximately 30% of cases belong to the United States of America (USA). Before describing COVID-19 diagnostics aspects, trends in the fundamentals of SARSCoV-2, recommended advisories, and nanoenabled strategies to manage COVID-19 are discussed briefly.[6]
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