Electrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole by nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets composite PbO2 electrode: Kinetics and mechanism

Abstract

In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (NCNSs) were prepared and successfully combined into the PbO2 electrode by the composite electrodeposition technology, thereby NCNS–PbO2 electrode was obtained. The electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in aqueous solution by NCNS–PbO2 electrode was studied. The main influence factors on the degradation of SMX, such as the initial concentration of SMX, current density, electrolyte concentration and initial pH value, were analyzed in detail. Under the optimal process conditions, after 120 min of treatment, the removal ratio of SMX and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 99.8 % and 60.7 %, respectively. The results showed that the electrochemical degradation of SMX fitted pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The electrochemical performance of NCNS–PbO2 electrode was better than that of PbO2 electrode by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as the use of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for electrochemical performance testing. This was because the doping of nitrogen atoms improved the properties of carbon nanosheets. After the composite, the active sites on the surface of PbO2 were improved, the particle size of PbO2 was reduced, and the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the electrode were improved. In addition, the intermediate products were determined by GC-MS method, and the possible degradation pathways of SMX were proposed.