Abstract
N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) is a valuable biomarker for kidney health, as an increased urinary level of the enzyme indicates cell damage within the renal tubular filtration system from acute or chronic organ injury or exposure to nephrotoxic compounds. Effective renal function is vital for physiological homeostasis, and early detection of acute or chronic renal malfunction is critically important for timely treatment decisions. Here, we introduce a novel option for electrochemical urinalysis of GlcNAcase, based on anodic differential pulse voltammetry at boron-doped diamond disk sensors of the oxidizable product 4-nitrophenol (4NP), which is released by the action of GlcNAcase on the synthetic substrate 4NP-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (GlcNAc-4NP), added to the test solution as a reporter molecule. The proposed voltammetric enzyme activity screen accurately distinguishes urine samples of normal, slightly elevated and critically high urinary GlcNAcase content without interference from other urinary constituents. Moreover, this practice has the potential to be adapted for use in a hand-held device for application in clinical laboratories by physicians or in personal home health care. Evidence is also presented for the effective management of the procedure with mass-producible screen-printed sensor chip platforms.
Highlights
The kidneys are major components of the urinary system; their functions include the elimination of waste and toxic species from the blood, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of electrolyte and metabolite levels and the maintenance of blood pH [1].Blood entering through paired renal arteries passes through the glomerulus/nephron network and after completion of decontamination it is returned to the circulatory system through the renal veins, while excess water and unwanted chemical species pass through the ureter as urine
Long-term diabetes, continuous high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, obesity, genetic vectors and/or smoking may cause the decline in renal capacity, which manifests as chronic kidney disease [4,5]
We demonstrated the feasibility of operation on mass-producible screen-printed electrode (SPE) platforms with a boron-doped diamond disk (BDD) working electrodes (WEs) disk, laying the foundation for an electrochemical urinary GlcNAcase strip test
Summary
The kidneys are major components of the urinary system; their functions include the elimination of waste and toxic species from the blood, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of electrolyte and metabolite levels and the maintenance of blood pH [1]. Sensor devices like the blood glucose meters available for diabetes patients or the immunosensor strips used in cancer biomarker diagnostics do not yet exist for kidney testing, apart from a commercial handheld meter for creatinine This is a potentially useful tool; because of the limited data on blood or urinary creatinine, such as the delayed response to kidney deterioration, poor correlation of the variation in creatinine level with kidney problems and the known crosstalk with other diseases [19], additional complementary portable kidney screening devices would certainly be an asset for the health care system and for patients at risk. The use of this test in an approved professional clinical trial on libraries of samples from patients with recognized kidney problems and from healthy control subjects, and the design and further realization of easy-to-use SPE-based GlcNAcase sensing strips in a portable device for personal kidney homecare testing will be the issues addressed
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