Abstract
Abstract In a battery pack, cell-to-cell chemical variation, or the variation in operating conditions, can possibly lead to current imbalance which can accelerate pack ageing. In this paper, the Pseudo-Two-Dimensional(P2D) porous electrode model is extended to a battery pack layout, to predict the overall behaviour and the cell-to-cell variation under constant voltage charging and discharging. The algorithm used in this model offers the flexibility in extending the layout to any number of cells in a pack, which can be of different capacities, chemical characteristics and physical dimensions. The coupled electro-thermal effects such as differential cell ageing, temperature variation, porosity change and their effects on the performance of the pack, can be predicted using this modelling algorithm. The pack charging voltage is found to have an impact on the performance as well as the SEI layer growth. Numerical studies are conducted by keeping the cells at different thermal conditions and the results show the necessity to increase the heat transfer coefficient to cool the pack, compared to single cell. The results show that the thermal imbalance has more impact than the change in inter-connecting resistance on the split current distribution, which accelerates the irreversible porous filling and ageing.
Highlights
The increasing popularity of portable devices and automobiles has accelerated research on energy storage devices, in particular lithium-ion batteries
Single cell battery modelling has been the focus for much research and a substantial improvement has been made in predicting basic cell characteristics under various operating conditions [1,2]
The results are broadly divided into four sections which discuss the battery pack performance under different operating conditions
Summary
The increasing popularity of portable devices and automobiles has accelerated research on energy storage devices, in particular lithium-ion batteries. Battery packs offer a clean, environmentally friendly option to store and deliver energy to meet the increasing demand; it poses numerous problems, for example, each cell can be affected by the behaviour of its neighbour. Single cell battery modelling has been the focus for much research and a substantial improvement has been made in predicting basic cell characteristics under various operating conditions [1,2]. The capacity fade of a battery can be predicted by introducing a continuous solvent reduction reaction [3,4]. Another important parameter is the operating temperature of the battery. Details of an accurate distributed thermal model can be found in Cai and White [5] and Ye et al [6]
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