Abstract
This work reviews the field of DNA biosensors based on electrochemical determination of nanoparticle labels. These labeling platforms contain the attachment of metal nanoparticles (NPs) or quantum dots (QDs) on the target DNA or on a biorecognition reporting probe. Following the development of DNA bioassay, the nanotags are oxidized to ions, which are determined by voltammetric methods, such as pulse voltammetry (PV) and stripping voltammetry (SV). The synergistic effects of NPs amplification (as each nanoprobe releases a large number of detectable ions) and the inherent sensitivity of voltammetric techniques (e.g., thanks to the preconcentration step of SV) leads to the construction of ultrasensitive, low cost, miniaturized, and integrated biodevices. This review focuses on accomplishments in DNA sensing using voltammetric determination of nanotags (such as gold and silver NPs, and Cd- and Pb-based QDs), includes published works on integrated three electrode biodevices and paper-based biosystems, and discusses strategies for multiplex DNA assays and signal enhancement procedures. Besides, this review mentions the electroactive NP synthesis procedures and their conjugation protocols with biomolecules that enable their function as labels in DNA electrochemical biosensors.
Highlights
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the carrier of genetic information and the basic material of biological heredity
This review presents a survey of electrochemical DNA biosensors using functional nanomaterials as labels, focusing on developments in integrated voltammetric transducers and paper-based sensors, as well as on architectures for signal amplification and multiplexed detection of DNA
The present review focuses on the application of NPs as labels in the construction of ultrasensitive DNA electrochemical biosensors, while the other functions of NPs have been excellently reviewed recently [3,4,12,24,46]
Summary
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the carrier of genetic information and the basic material of biological heredity. Via researchers’ efforts, numerous DNA-testing systems have been introduced, such as surface plasmon resonance, fluorescent and others assays based on the coupling of electrophoretic separations, and radioisotopic detection [5,6,7,8] While these methodologies are considered the gold standards for DNA diagnostics, they are not in the position to cover the increase of requirements for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, mainly due to the high cost and large size of their instrumentation. This review presents a survey of electrochemical DNA biosensors using functional nanomaterials as labels, focusing on developments in integrated voltammetric transducers and paper-based sensors, as well as on architectures for signal amplification and multiplexed detection of DNA. The synthesis procedures of NPs and QDs and their conjugation with biomolecules is discussed
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