Electrochemical Devices to Power a Sustainable Energy Transition—An Overview of Green Hydrogen Contribution

Abstract

This work discusses the current scenario and future growth of electrochemical energy devices, such as water electrolyzers and fuel cells. It is based on the pivotal role that hydrogen can play as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. Moreover, it is envisaged that the scaled-up and broader deployment of the technologies can hold the potential to address the challenges associated with intermittent renewable energy generation. From a sustainability perspective, this synergy between hydrogen and electricity from renewable sources is particularly attractive: electrolyzers convert the excess energy from renewables into green hydrogen, and fuel cells use this hydrogen to convert it back into electricity when it is needed. Although this transition endorses the ambitious goal to supply greener energy for all, it also entails increased demand for the materials that are essential for developing such cleaner energy technologies. Herein, several economic and environmental issues are highlighted, besides a critical overview regarding each technology. The aim is to raise awareness and provide the reader (a non-specialist in the field) with useful resources regarding the challenges that need to be overcome so that a green hydrogen energy transition and a better life can be fully achieved.