Abstract
The detection of tramadol using a screen printed electrode modified with La3+/ZnO nano-flowers and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (La3+/ZnO NFs-MWCNTs/SPE) is reported in this work. In order to examine tramadol electrochemical oxidation, the modified electrode was implemented with the utilization of differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry as diagnostic techniques. The proposed electrode displays favorable electrocatalytic behavior concerning tramadol oxidation with an approximately 330 mV potential shift to a lesser positive potential. In the 0.5 to 800.0 μM range for tramadol, differential pulse voltammetry displays linear dynamic activity. Tramadol detection limit of 0.08 μM was derived within optimized testing conditions for this simple construction sensor. Lastly, this fabricated sensor was utilized with desirable results to determine tramadol in tramadol samples and urine samples.
Highlights
Drug analysis is vital for numerous uses, such as forensic science, quality control, and clinical applications
The surface area of La3+/ZnO NFs-Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/screen-printed electrode (SPE) and bare SPE were obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using 1 mM K3Fe(CN)6 at different scan rates
Oxidation peak current values taken from measured differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in 0.1 M Phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) containing 200.0 μM of tramadol in a dependence on solution pH are presented in Figure 1, showing that the best results for tramadol electrooxidation at the modified electrode surface are obtained at pH 7
Summary
Drug analysis is vital for numerous uses, such as forensic science, quality control, and clinical applications. La3+/ZnO NFs and MWCNTs modified SPE is for the first time utilized as a sensitive, rapid, inexpensive and simple electrochemical sensor to determine tramadol. Each chemical applied to prepare nano-powder, i.e., ammonia (25 % NH3), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O), thiourea ((NH2)2CS), and lanthanum nitrate (La(NO3)3·6H2O) were of analytical grades.
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