Abstract
In this paper, the square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWAdSV) determination of the veterinary drug closantel using a renewable silver amalgam film electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) is presented. As observed in SWAdSV, closantel provided one well-shaped reduction peak suitable for analytical purposes at potential ca. −1.4 V in the Britton–Robinson (B-R) buffer at pH 7.0. At optimal conditions, the SWAdSV response of Hg(Ag)FE for determining closantel was linear over two concentration ranges of 5.0 × 10−8 to 2.0 × 10−7 mol dm−3 and 2.0 × 10−7 to 1.2 × 10−6 mol dm−3 with a detection limit of 1.1 × 10−8 mol dm−3. In addition, a relevance of the developed SWAdSV method was successfully verified by the quantitative analysis of closantel in the commercial formulation Closamectin Pour-On with satisfactory results (RSD = 5.8%, recovery = 101.8%). The results showed that the developed procedure can be adequate for screening purposes. Also, the electrochemical behavior of closantel was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and it was found that closantel exhibited a quasi-reversible behavior with cathodic peak on the forward scan at ca. −1.4 V and anodic peak on the reverse scan at ca. −1.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl in B–R buffer, pH 7.0. As the obtained results showed that the electrode mechanism of closantel is controlled by the adsorption, the effect of adsorption was studied using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique.Graphical abstract
Highlights
In the last few years, drug prescription has increased several folds, and an intensification of drug taking by humans and animals has been observed
The electrochemical behavior of closantel was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and it was found that closantel exhibited a quasi-reversible behavior with cathodic peak on the forward scan at ca. -1.4 V and anodic peak on the reverse scan at ca. -1.35 V vs. Ag/ AgCl in B–R buffer, pH 7.0
A considerable notice is given to a study of adsorption performed to provide information on the electrochemical processes occurring on the electrode surface by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique
Summary
In the last few years, drug prescription has increased several folds, and an intensification of drug taking by humans and animals has been observed. The most frequently applied technique for the CLS determination in the different types of samples has been chromatography, i.e., high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC–UV) [5, 6], HPLC–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) [7], HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FL) [3, 5, 8,9,10], ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) [11], and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) [12,13,14,15,16] These methods are obviously sensitive and selective, they are usually time-consuming and relatively expensive. This paper is the first report on electrochemical study of CLS
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