Electrochemical Detection of Apolipoprotein A1 As an Alternative Method to Diagnose Early Stage of Bladder Cancer Patients

Abstract

As one's quality of life is greatly affected by our health status, the needs for more accurate, convenient diagnosis methods are growing. Various techniques and devices are being developed to distingush diseases as early as possible, especially regarding cancer. Here, of all types of cancer, we focus on bladder cancer and introduce technique to detect its potential biomarker, Apolipoprotein A1.Bladder cancer, which is 6th most occuring cancer in men and known for quite high recurrent rates, has been diagnosed with gold-standard methods called cystoscopy and cytology. Although, cytoscopy that uses slim camera to look inside bladder, is a precise method, the process itself is invasive and time-consuming, thus gives pain to the patients, considering that it will be repeated for regular check up. Urine cytology, which could give less burdeon to the patient due to its non-invasive approach, however, shows less sensitivity to distinguish relatviely early-stage of bladder cancer.To solve those limitations of exisiting techniques, detecting urine level of Apo-A1(Apoplipoprotein A1) present can be an effective alternative to distingusih bladder cancer patients with no painful process and accuracy. Apo-A1 is known to appear to patients with 3-fold higher concentrations than normal groups. Here, we developed a electrochemical biosensor platform for rapid detection of Apo-A1 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, one of sensitive electrochemical detection techniques, resulting that early diagonistics of patients without invasive techniques can be made possible. In our study, 0 – 1 nM (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 nM) concentrations of Apo-A1 were succesfully detected with rising value of charge transfer resistance, which means that it showed possibility to be applied to patients with lower levels of Apo-A1.