Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of the main biomarkers that is clinically detected in bone and liver disorders using optical assays. The electrochemical principle is important because point-of-care testing is increasing dramatically and absorbance techniques hardly compete with the medical revolution that is occurring. The detection of ALP using electrochemical detection is contributing to the integration systems field, and hence enhancing the detection of biological targets for pharmaceutical research and design systems. Moreover, in vitro electrochemical measurements use cost effective materials and simple techniques. Graphite screen-printed electrodes and linear sweep voltammetry were used to optimize the electrochemistry of the enzymatic product p-aminophenol using the enzyme kinetic assay. ALP release from embryonic and cancer cells was determined from adhesion cell culture. Additionally, capillary electrophoresis and colorimetric methods were applied for comparison assays. The resulting assays showed a dynamic range of ALP ranging from 1.5 to 1500 U/L, and limit of detection of 0.043 U/L. This was achieved by using 70 μL of the sample and an incubation time of 10 min at an optimal substrate concentration of 9.6 mM of p-aminophenol phosphate. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was measured between the absorbance assays. This paper demonstrates the advantages of the electrochemical assay for ALP release from cells, which is in line with recent trends in gene expression systems using microelectrode array technologies and devices for monitoring electrophysiological activity.
Highlights
Abnormal levels of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) release can be seen in illnesses, or during pregnancy or the rapid growth phases of childhood [2,3]
ALP has been identified as a potential cancer biomarker, and its early detection could potentially help in the treatment of the disease [4]
Non-cleaned electrodes and cleaned electrodes for 10 min and Cyclic voltammetry was applied where 1 M KCl was used as the electrolyte for the standard cleaned electrodes for 20 min were compared
Summary
It has cofactors that include two zinc atoms and one magnesium atom in each subunit, which are important for the active sites [1]. ALP is found in almost all living tissue and can be expressed in four isoforms. Abnormal levels of ALP release can be seen in illnesses (such as liver disease, bone disorders, etc.), or during pregnancy or the rapid growth phases of childhood [2,3]. ALP has been identified as a potential cancer biomarker, and its early detection could potentially help in the treatment of the disease [4]. Electrochemistry allows integration in small devices, which is required for point-of-care testing
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