Abstract
The bioactivity and the corrosion protection for a novel nano-grained Ti-20Nb-13Zr at % alloy were examined in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The effect of the SPS’s temperature on the corrosion performance was investigated. The phases and microstructural details of the developed alloy were analyzed by XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The electrochemical study was investigated using linear potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a SBF, and the bioactivity was examined by immersing the developed alloy in a SBF for 3, 7, and 14 days. The morphology of the depositions after immersion was examined using SEM. Alloy surface analysis after immersion in the SBF was characterized by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). The results of the bioactivity test in SBF revealed the growth of a hydroxyapatite layer on the surface of the alloy. The analysis of XPS showed the formation of protective oxides of TiO2, Ti2O3, ZrO2, Nb2O5, and a Ca3(PO4)2 compound (precursor of hydroxyapatite) deposited on the alloy surface, indicating that the presented alloy can stimulate bone formation. The corrosion resistance increased by increasing the sintering temperature and the highest corrosion resistance was obtained at 1200 °C. The improved corrosion protection was found to be related to the alloy densification. The bioactivity and the corrosion resistance of the developed nanostructured alloy in a SBF renders the nanostructured Ti-20Nb-13Zr alloy a promising candidate as an implant material.
Highlights
The alloys to be developed for biomedical applications should have a high corrosion resistance, should be biocompatible, and should have suitable mechanical characteristics such as strength and modulus of elasticity [1]
The findings indicated a mixture of the β-Ti phase in a partially amorphous phase that formed as a result of a crystal defect evolution during the mechanical alloying process [22]
The results showed that the phase is chemically homogeneous and that the the beta phase compared to the alpha phase was because the Nb is considered as a beta stabilizer, average composition in in β-Ti region was Ti-37.66Nb-18.3Zr, while the α-Ti phase showed Zr was reported to be a stabilizer for both phases so that the Zr percentage is almost the the average composition of Ti-27.68Nb-18.9Zr
Summary
The alloys to be developed for biomedical applications should have a high corrosion resistance, should be biocompatible, and should have suitable mechanical characteristics such as strength and modulus of elasticity [1]. The main metallic alloys developed for biomaterial applications include Ti alloys, stainless steels, and Co alloys [1,2,3,4]. Ti and Ti alloys possess corrosion protection, are biocompatible, and they offer a relatively low elastic modulus. These advantages result in a preference for Ti alloys in the medical and dentistry fields [5,6,7] and for prosthetic implants [8].
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