Electrochemical charge storage performance of (Mn, Ni, Mo, Co, Fe)3O4 high entropy oxide nanoparticles produced via thermal plasma route

Abstract

Highly complex high entropy metal oxides (HEOs) have several unique characteristics, such as more active sites and material stability that improve the electrochemical charge storage capacity. In this study, HEOs (Mn, Ni, Mo, Co, Fe)3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a thermal plasma route and its electrochemical energy storage performance was studied with two distinct electrolytes such as 1 M KOH and NaOH. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the phase pure spinel structured HEOs with crystalline size ranging from 13 to 29 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results revealed the quasi-spherical morphology and uniform distribution of constitutional cations in the as-synthesized HEOs. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results identified the oxidation states of cations in spinel HEOs. The charge/discharge studies of as-synthesized HEOs showed a specific capacitance of 215 F g-1 /26.9 mAh g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1 in 1 M KOH electrolyte which is 156 % greater than 1 M NaOH electrolyte. Furthermore, a high capacitance retention of 91 % was achieved after completing 3000 cycles at 10 A g-1 current density which indicates that the HEOs have excellent charge/discharge reversibility. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the solution and charge transfer resistances of HEOs electrodes were 1.04 and 3.2 Ω, respectively. This novel synthesis strategy attempts to overcome the difficulties experienced by established methods for bulk manufacture of phase pure HEOs since thermal plasma method is a rapid and a single-step approach for the bulk production of nanomaterial.