Abstract
Cancer is the second most fatal disease in the world and an early diagnosis is important for a successful treatment. Thus, it is necessary to develop fast, sensitive, simple, and inexpensive analytical tools for cancer biomarker detection. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an RNA cancer biomarker where the expression level in body fluid is strongly correlated to cancer. Various biosensors involving the detection of miRNA for cancer diagnosis were developed. The present review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in electrochemical biosensor for miRNA cancer marker detection from 2015 to 2020. The review focuses on the approaches to direct miRNA detection based on the electrochemical signal. It includes a RedOx-labeled probe with different designs, RedOx DNA-intercalating agents, various kinds of RedOx catalysts used to produce a signal response, and finally a free RedOx indicator. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of these approaches are highlighted.
Highlights
Cancer has been the focus of intense scientific research in recent decades because it includes more than 14 million new cancer cases as well as 8.2 million deaths annually, which makes it one of the most fatal diseases in the world
Continue the second of hybridization cleavage; end,probe this on the electrode surface, which is targeting a partcycle of miRNA, and the second one in is athe released many short fragments of methylene blue (MB)-labeled oligonucleotides with less negative charges, which labeled with RedOx molecule targeting the other part of miRNA
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have a large surface-to-volume ratio, excellent compatibility of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were used as a new platform for a large amount of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization through the of GQDs were used as a new platform for a large amount of HRP immobilization through the nonnon-covalent assembly
Summary
Cancer has been the focus of intense scientific research in recent decades because it includes more than 14 million new cancer cases as well as 8.2 million deaths annually, which makes it one of the most fatal diseases in the world It is a complex disease characterized by abnormally large cell proliferation, or malignant tumor, formed from the transformation by mutation or genetic instability of an initially normal cell [1]. The conventional methods used for the quantification and identification of miRNAs are real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), DNA microarray, Northern blot techniques, and deep sequencing [31] They have good sensitivity and high specificity, but the methods are complex and need a high level of technology that requires costly equipment and materials, qualified personnel for the assay, and is time consuming [32]
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