Abstract
An important class of biosensors is immunosensors, affinity biosensors that are based on the specific interaction between antibodies and antigens. They are classified in four classes based on the type of employed transducer: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric, and thermometric and depending on the type of recognition elements, antibodies, aptamers, microRNAs and recently peptides are integrating parts. Those analytical devices are able to detect peptides, antibodies and proteins in various sample matrices, without many steps of sample pretreatment. Their high sensitivity, low cost and the easy integration in point of care devices assuring portability are attracting features that justify the increasing interest in their development. The use of nanomaterials, simultaneous multianalyte detection and integration on platforms to form point-of-care devices are promising tools that can be used in clinical analysis for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring in several pathologies. Taking into account the growing incidence of autoimmune disease and the importance of early diagnosis, electrochemical biosensors could represent a viable alternative to currently used diagnosis methods. Some relevant examples of electrochemical assays for autoimmune disease diagnosis developed in the last several years based on antigens, antibodies and peptides as receptors were gathered and will be discussed further.
Highlights
The body immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules working together to protect the body against various diseases
Due to the advancements in molecular biology and immunology, almost every autoimmune diseases (ADs) possesses its own set of biomarkers, which could be found in detectable concentrations in body fluids
The main challenge remains the implementation of point of care devices able to detect the ADs’
Summary
The body immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules working together to protect the body against various diseases. ADs are diagnosed based on physician assessment combined with core laboratory tests These tests are not sensitive enough to detect early molecular events. The early diagnosis of RA is essential to avoid an aggressive treatment and to prevent joint damage and disability, there is an urgent need to diagnose RA as early as possible. Lupus is another AD that can affect many different body systems—including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs. The main challenge in medical diagnosis is the early diagnosis and personalized care of patients using non-invasive methods To reach this goal, reliable methods to detect and monitor specific biomarkers that indicate a pathological event are required. The first part deals with the description of general aspects in the design and development of electrochemical platforms for the detection of ADs biomarkers, while the second part briefly describes common biomarkers and recent progress made for their detection using biosensors based on Abs/Ags and peptides
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have