Abstract
The increasing environmental pollution with particular reference to emerging contaminants, toxic heavy elements, and other hazardous agents is a serious concern worldwide. Considering this global issue, there is an urgent need to design and develop strategic measuring techniques with higher efficacy and precision to detect a broader spectrum of numerous contaminants. The development of precise instruments can further help in real-time and in-process monitoring of the generation and release of environmental pollutants from different industrial sectors. Moreover, real-time monitoring can also reduce the excessive consumption of several harsh chemicals and reagents with an added advantage of on-site determination of contaminant composition prior to discharge into the environment. With key scientific advances, electrochemical biosensors have gained considerable attention to solve this problem. Electrochemical biosensors can be an excellent fit as an analytical tool for monitoring programs to implement legislation. Herein, we reviewed the current trends in the use of electrochemical biosensors as novel tools to detect various contaminant types including toxic heavy elements. A particular emphasis was given to screen-printed electrodes, nanowire sensors, and paper-based biosensors and their role in the pollution detection processes. Towards the end, the work is wrapped up with concluding remarks and future perspectives. In summary, electrochemical biosensors and related areas such as bioelectronics, and (bio)-nanotechnology seem to be growing areas that will have a marked influence on the development of new bio-sensing strategies in future studies.
Highlights
Across the globe, the controlled or uncontrolled release of environmental contaminants, e.g., toxic heavy elements, antibiotics, and pesticides to the environment is a serious concern [1]
This review aimed to present the unique potential of electrochemical biosensors with particular reference to screen-printed electrodes and nanowire sensors and their role in the pollution detection processes
The results revealed that the design of the hierarchical nanostructures enhanced their response to ethanol gas and the selectivity of the material for this gas, avoiding interference from gases in the environment such as ammonia (NH3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Summary
The controlled or uncontrolled release of environmental contaminants, e.g., toxic heavy elements, antibiotics, and pesticides to the environment is a serious concern [1]. Conventional methods (e.g., chromatography) require long and specialized sample pre-treatment, which may potentially translate to time-consuming processes In this context, electrochemical biosensors have proven to be useful tools to detect small sample volumes, low concentrations of biological components, and sometimes miniaturized analytical devices [2,3]. Due to the growing ECs concern, and the lack of selective and sensitive methods to detect them, different electrochemical biosensors have been developed in recent years. This review aimed to present the unique potential of electrochemical biosensors with particular reference to screen-printed electrodes and nanowire sensors and their role in the pollution detection processes. The toxicities induced by pesticides are assessed through different assays and models including in vitro, in vivo, or in situ strategies [21] These have been detected in high concentrations in surface and groundwater [21]. Damage to biodiversity and ecosystems health by the attack of non-target organisms, environmental persistence, pest resistance, Endocrine disruption
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