Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have shown great potential in the medical diagnosis field. The performance of electrochemical biosensors depends on the sensing materials used. ZnO nanostructures play important roles as the active sites where biological events occur, subsequently defining the sensitivity and stability of the device. ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized into four different dimensional formations, which are zero dimensional (nanoparticles and quantum dots), one dimensional (nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires), two dimensional (nanosheets, nanoflakes, nanodiscs, and nanowalls) and three dimensional (hollow spheres and nanoflowers). The zero-dimensional nanostructures could be utilized for creating more active sites with a larger surface area. Meanwhile, one-dimensional nanostructures provide a direct and stable pathway for rapid electron transport. Two-dimensional nanostructures possess a unique polar surface for enhancing the immobilization process. Finally, three-dimensional nanostructures create extra surface area because of their geometric volume. The sensing performance of each of these morphologies toward the bio-analyte level makes ZnO nanostructures a suitable candidate to be applied as active sites in electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnostic purposes. This review highlights recent advances in various dimensions of ZnO nanostructures towards electrochemical biosensor applications.
Highlights
For the past decade, zinc oxide (ZnO) biosensors have become the prevalent topic in thin film research areas
The focus of this paper is to comprehensively report on recent progress of ZnO electrochemical biosensors based on its dimensional classes
Zhou et al.’s study found similar results, where ZnO nanotube structure (NTs)-based amperometric glucose calculations made by Wang et al [19] using the Randles–Sevcik equation, ZnO NTs supported by biosensors had a better sensing performance than the
Summary
Zinc oxide (ZnO) biosensors have become the prevalent topic in thin film research areas. In vivo sensing applications have largely driven the development of 0-D ZnO nanostructures [27] What made it possible to immobilize various types of biomolecules successfully is the advantage of the large surface area of ZnO nanoparticles, which increases when the grain size is reduced [28,29,30]. A combination of 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D subunits produced 3-D ZnO nanostructures with the volume geometric shape, has generated great interest as the active sites [35] These hierarchical structures have shown impressive progress in sensing applications. ZnO-based electrochemical biosensors are effectively used to detect a large variety of analytes such as glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, DNA, and dopamine.
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