Abstract
An electrochemical sensor was developed for fast and highly sensitive detection of creatinine (an important biomarker of kidney diseases) using copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) as an electrocatalytic electrode material. The electrochemical behaviors of CuPc (parallel α-form and herringbone β-form) and their catalytic activities towards the redox process of creatinine were investigated. A variety of electrochemical and ex-situ characterization techniques as well as computational approaches were employed to evaluate the underlying electrode processes. The electrochemically activated α-CuPc allowed the measurement of creatinine at high sensitivity (1173 ± 69 A M−1 m–2), excellent reproducibility (%RSD = 2.12, n = 3), and low limit of detection (5.2 μM, 3Sb/m). The newly designed electrochemical system showed high tolerance to possible interfering species and was validated in artificial urine samples.
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