Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for Staphylococcus aureus disinfection in municipal WWTP effluents

Abstract

This paper presents the Staphylococcus aureus inactivation in a simulated wastewater treatment plant effluent by different electrochemical techniques, including the photo-electro-Fenton process. S. aureus, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total oxidants and H2O2 concentrations, as well as pH, were monitored during the assays. An electrolytic cell, including a UVA lamp, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) as cathode and an IrO2 anode, was used to conduct the experiments under galvanostatic conditions (20 mA). Low inactivation (−0.4) and low DOC removal were achieved within 120 min when applying the GDE-IrO2 system, in which bacteria disinfection was caused by the generated H2O2. When light was combined with GDE-IrO2, the process efficiency noticeably increased (−3.7 log inactivation) due to the synergistic effect between UVA and H2O2. Introducing iron (5 mg L−1 Fe2+) into the system also produced higher disinfection and DOC mineralization. The electro-Fenton process (GDE-IrO2+Fe2+) led to a bacterial reduction of −0.9 log units and DOC reduction of 14%, while with the photo-electro-Fenton process (GDE-IrO2+UVA + Fe2+) −5.2 units of bacteria and 26% of DOC were removed. Increasing the current intensity (20 mA, 30 mA and 40 mA) in the photo-electro-Fenton system increased H2O2 production and, consequently, augmented the bacterial inactivation (−5.2 log, −6.2 log and −6.5 log, respectively). However, mineralization extent slightly increased or remained practically the same. When comparing the influence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on photo-electro-Fenton, similar S. aureus inactivation was observed, while DOC removal was higher with Fe2+ (31%) than with Fe3+ (19%). Finally, by testing the system with a Ti anode, the direct anodic oxidation contribution of the IrO2 anode was identified as negligible.