Electrocatalytic behavior of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposite-based sensor for electrochemical antioxidant monitoring of diphenylamine

Abstract

Diphenylamine (DPA), a toxic pollutant in wastewater and food contaminants, has severe environmental impacts. In this study, a composite material comprising hydroxyapatite and graphene oxide (HAp/GO) was successfully prepared and used to modify a GCE electrode. This composite was employed to construct an electrochemical sensor to detect hazardous DPA. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the HAp/GO composite are well-characterized by various techniques. The developed sensor is affordable and biodegradable, offering high selectivity for DPA detection. A dynamic linear range of 0.005–249.685 µM was achieved through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), with good sensitivity (0.536 µA µM−1. cm−2) and a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.009 µM). The synergistic combination of HAp and GO enhanced electrocatalytic performance, making this composite material a valuable electrocatalyst for sensitive and selective DPA detection, and it is applicable for detecting practical feasibility in real-world samples.