Abstract
Robust, reliable, and affordable analytical techniques are essential for screening and monitoring food and water safety from contaminants, pathogens, and allergens that might be harmful upon consumption. Recent advances in decentralised, miniaturised, and rapid tests for health and environmental monitoring can provide an alternative solution to the classic laboratory-based analytical techniques currently utilised. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising option as portable sensing platforms to expedite the transition from laboratory benchtop to on-site analysis. A plethora of electroanalytical sensor platforms have been produced for the detection of small molecules, proteins, and microorganisms vital to ensuring food and drink safety. These utilise various recognition systems, from direct electrochemical redox processes to biological recognition elements such as antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers; however, further exploration needs to be carried out, with many systems requiring validation against standard benchtop laboratory-based techniques to offer increased confidence in the sensing platforms. This short review demonstrates that electroanalytical biosensors already offer a sensitive, fast, and low-cost sensor platform for food and drink safety monitoring. With continued research into the development of these sensors, increased confidence in the safety of food and drink products for manufacturers, policy makers, and end users will result.
Highlights
There are in excess of 1400 human pathogens; the majority of healthcare-associated diseases are caused by a limited amount [87]. In this pathogenic electroanalytical section, we describe some recent reports towards the electroanalytical detection of some of the most common foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, etc
They immobilised CeO2 nanorods onto chitosan (CeO2 -CHIT), which was modified upon a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical detection of C.perfringens, which was shown to be possible in pure milk and milk powder samples, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.06 and 1.95 × 10−15 mol/L when electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), respectively
Food and drink safety is of critical importance to the health and well-being of the human population
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Traditional analytical methods include desktop-based equipment and culture-based, immunological-, nucleicand biosensor-based detection methods which, selective, often require complex sample and equipment preparation added to labour-intensive and time-consuming methods in some cases [11] and, not ideal for the large-scale manufacture of sensors towards on-site, decentralised, and affordable food safety analysis. Spectroscopic methods such as Raman, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy offer portable, rapid, sensitive, and non-destructive food safety monitoring sensors. Other categorisations can be performed such as analyte–bioreceptor combination, detection systems, and type of applied technologies [28]
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