Abstract
We demonstrate the electro-activation of funnel waveguides through the quadratic electro-optic effect in paraelectric potassiumlithium- tantalate-niobate. This allows us to achieve electro-optic intensity modulation in a single optical beam, a 1x2 switch, and finally the electrically controlled morphing of a single waveguide into a 1x2 and a 1x4 divider.
Highlights
Introduction and motivationIn distinction to electric signals, optical signals can be used to handle links and information channels in massively parallel full three-dimensional geometries
Optical writing faces two general issues: (I) as the writing light enters into the volume it is distorted by diffraction; and (II) conventional photosensitive techniques do not support the integration of devices, such as electro-optic modulators, switches and filters
Diffraction can be overcome when the writing light is itself sensitive to the changes it produces in the material and guides itself through it, a process termed self-writing [8] supported by the formation of a photorefractive spatial soliton [9, 5], whereas active devices can be supported by soliton electro-activation, a versatile technique to produce a wide family of fast electro-optic functions using the self-written waveguides [10, 11, 12, 13]
Summary
In distinction to electric signals, optical signals can be used to handle links and information channels in massively parallel full three-dimensional geometries. A step towards the harnessing of this enormous potential is the identification and demonstration of a viable means to create compact and miniaturized optical circuits and devices that can be integrated together into functional assemblies This should be achieved directly inside a single three-dimensional solid-state support. Optical writing faces two general issues: (I) as the writing light enters into the volume it is distorted by diffraction; and (II) conventional photosensitive techniques do not support the integration of devices, such as electro-optic modulators, switches and filters. Both issues can be, in principle, overcome in photorefractive media.
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