Abstract
Already enacted carbon-dioxide (CO2) limiting legislations for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, drive motivations to consider electrification also in the sector of non-road mobile machinery. Up to now, only the emissions of the vehicles themselves have been restricted. However, to capture the overall situation, a more global assessment approach is necessary. The study described in this article applies a tank-to-wheel and an extended well-to-wheel approach based on simulations to compare three different powertrains: a battery electric drive, a parallel electric hybrid drive, and a series electric hybrid drive. The results show that electrification is not per se the better solution in terms of keeping CO2 emissions at a minimum, as battery electric powertrains are accountable for the lowest as well as the highest possible CO2 emissions of all powertrains compared. A battery electric machine is not economically competitive if its battery has to last a whole working day. Parallel hybrid systems do not achieve much of an advantage in terms of CO2 emissions. In this global assessment approach, the most promising propulsion system for wheel-driven-mobile-machinery appears to be the series hybrid system, which shows to offer up to 20% of CO2 saving potential compared to the current machine.
Highlights
For the vast majority of mobile machinery, the dominant power source is a diesel engine
NRMM consume 11% of diesel fuel consumed in passenger and goods transport and emit 2% of overall European CO2 emissions [1]
As there are already C O2-limiting legislations introduced for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, similar laws are expected to be implemented for mobile machinery, as well
Summary
For the vast majority of mobile machinery, the dominant power source is a diesel engine. The share of “non-road mobile machinery” (NRMM) in total European fuel consumption of passenger and goods transport was 11% in 2010 [1]. This corresponds to 2% of total European carbondioxide (CO2) emissions in the same reference year. Current European legislation for NRMM covers a broad range of machinery typically used off the road. The legislation in force is EU-stage V and is the first that limits the particulate number. It provides a further reduction of particle mass and nitrogen oxide emissions
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