Abstract
Measurements indicate that any electrification accompanying the evaporation of pure water must proceed at a rate less than 9 × 10 −5 e.s.u. g −1. This result is in good agreement with that of Israël and Knopp (1962). However, a definite charging effect has been measured during the evaporation of NaCl and KCl solutions over a restricted range of normalities; for example, when 0.1 N KCl solution is evaporated at a temperature of 63°C it loses mass at a rate dm dt = −1.67 × 10 −3 g sec −1 and becomes positively charged at a rate i =5 × 10 −14 A with a corresponding negative charge being given to the air. It is shown that energetic considerations preclude the possibility that the charge is removed on unassociated ions but that agreement between theory and experiment exists if the charge leaves the evaporating liquid surface as an agglomerate of about ten neutral water molecules containing one negatively charged ion. Tentative calculations indicate that the contribution of evaporation of sea-water to the electrical budget of the atmosphere may be around 40°A in a direction reinforcing the fineweather current.
Published Version
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