Abstract
The addition of fluorescence guidance in laparoscopic procedures has gained significant interest in recent years, particularly through the use of near infrared (NIR) markers. In this work we present a novel laparoscope camera coupler based on an electrically tunable fluidic lens that permits programmable focus control and has desirable achromatic performance from the visible to the NIR. Its use extends the lower working distance limit and improves detection sensitivity, important for work with molecularly targeted fluorescence markers. We demonstrate its superior optical performance in laparoscopic fluorescence-guided surgery. In vivo results using a tumor specific molecular probe and a nonspecific NIR dye are presented.
Highlights
Invasive surgery (MIS) has been shown to be safe and effective in a wide range of surgical procedures, while providing considerable benefits for the patient including smaller incisions, reduced pain and shorter hospital stays [1,2,3,4,5]
2.1 Laparoscope characterization The rigid endoscope used in this work is a 10 mm diameter, 300 mm long, zero degrees viewing angle, Hopkins rod lens-based laparoscope optimized for near infrared (NIR) use (26003AGA, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany)
Our system was designed to be readily replicated by other researchers involved in the development of novel clinical Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) approaches, as it can be constructed using off-the-shelf optical components
Summary
Invasive surgery (MIS) has been shown to be safe and effective in a wide range of surgical procedures, while providing considerable benefits for the patient including smaller incisions, reduced pain and shorter hospital stays [1,2,3,4,5]. Conventional laparoscopes provide visual access to the surgical field by illuminating the region of interest with white light and imaging the scene back through a relay lens imaging channel, allowing standard color cameras to acquire images for display in real time. The relay lenses are commonly constructed according to the Hopkins ‘thick lens’ principle and are complemented by an objective lens and an eyepiece. White light color reflectance imaging allows the surgeon to visually differentiate between healthy and diseased tissue. In the case of small or low contrast lesions, correct identification of the disease can be challenging. For this reason, additional methods to improve contrast are becoming more popular; these place extra demands on the optical imaging system
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