Electrically Induced Muscle Contractions Influence Bone Density Decline After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

Longitudinal repeated-measures; within-subject control. We examined the extent to which an isometric plantar flexion training protocol attenuates bone loss longitudinally after SCI. After spinal cord injury (SCI), bone mineral density (BMD) of paralyzed extremities rapidly declines, likely because of loss of mechanical loading of bone via muscle contractions. Six individuals with complete paralysis began a 3-year unilateral plantar flexor muscle activation program within 4.5 months after SCI. The opposite limb served as a control. Compliance with recommended dose was > 80%. Tibia compressive force was > 140% of body weight. Bilateral hip and untrained tibia BMD declined significantly over the course of the training. Lumbar spine BMD showed minimal change. Percent decline in BMD (from the baseline condition) for the trained tibia (approximately 10%) was significantly less than the untrained tibia (approximately 25%) (P < 0.05). Trained limb percent decline in BMD remained steady over the first 1.5 years of the study (P < 0.05). Compressive loads of approximately 1 to 2 times body weight, induced by muscle contractions, partially prevent the loss of BMD after SCI. Future studies should establish dose-response curves for attenuation of bone loss after SCI.