Electrical supplies

Use of mechanical braking energy in vehicles as electricity and hydrogen energy

Thermodynamic Discrimination between Energy Sources for Chemical Reactions

The problems connected with the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa involving heat energy (i.e., using thermoelectrohydrodynamic (TEHD) methods) are considered. It is shown that these conversions depend on the type of the dielectric liquid, which can exhibit ideal dielectric properties or low conductivity. The respective criteria for these cases are given. In an ideal case, mechanical energy can be obtained using only electrical and thermal energy (a TEHD pump). In a low conducting dielectric, there exists the possibility in principle to generate convective currents, i.e., to generate electric energy, using the heat energy and partially the electric energy. The formulas for the calculation of the liquid consumption in TEHD pumps and electroconvective currents for TEHD generators are obtained.

2 - Electrical energy, ignition and flammability

With the development of modern society, electrical energy has always been one of the most important and effective energy sources. Electric energy can be converted into different energy sources, such as light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, and chemical energy, etc.; through power plants, substations, and lines that transmit electricity to users, a complete power system is formed. The rational operation, scheduling, and maintenance of the power systems can improve the internal network of the power systems through the application of cloud computing technology. Based on cloud computing technology, it integrates data and information resources, so that the power system has strong computer capabilities while ensuring the security of power system data. This article discusses the characteristics of the power system and the improvement direction of the power system. The paper also studies the characteristics of cloud computing technology and its application in actual power systems. This paper tries to develop power system services and improve the efficiency of the power system. This article is composed of three sections. The first part, is to introduce the background information of cloud computing and power system. The second part, is a detailed description of the application of cloud computing in the power system, and the improvement of the application environment, and the advantages and disadvantages. The third part, is to summarize the future development direction of the cloud computing platform and how to improve it in the power system.

A one-structure-layer PDMS/Mxenes based stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for simultaneously harvesting mechanical and light energy

Among human activities, those in which fuel combustion processes intervene are those who contaminate the atmosphere greatly. The combustion process is a process of rapid oxidation, followed by light phenomena and the release of large amounts of energy, able to maintain it at high temperatures. Compared with slow oxidation processes, it is characteristic to the combustion process sudden acceleration of the reaction rate to achieve theoretically infinite values. This applies, for example, to the stoichiometric mixture of methane oxygen heated to a temperature of 560°C in a sealed container. Heating the same mixture to a temperature of only 200°C, result in a slow oxidation process, which produces methanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gas, with an overall response rate with an evolution with measured values up to a maximum, after which rate value decreases with the depletion of reagents. In everyday life we encounter slow oxidation processes at every step. Thus, minerals are subject to slow oxidation process which occurs at ambient temperature by consumption of oxygen from atmospheric air, with production of oxides in a state of maximum stability. Such a process is carbon steel corrosion under the action of atmospheric oxygen at ambient temperatures, which is transformed first into ferrous oxide (FeO) and then in a more stable substance, ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Also, living organisms consume oxygen in the atmosphere, at room temperature to oxidize nutrients over a slow but very complex process. In both examples above, as in any oxidation process, there are necessary two substances: the oxidant, which has the ability to quickly combine with the substance subject to oxidation, respectively, the substance that is oxidized, called fuel. The transformation of chemical energy of fossil fuels in forms of energy directly useable, primarily mechanical energy, electrical energy and heat energy, is practically done only by means of combustion. In the production of electrical and heat energy, are consumed by burning, at present, 87% fossil fuels, the remainder being nuclear energy and regenerative energy (hydraulic, wind energy, solar, geothermal and marine) 6%, respectively 7%. At this consumption of the fossil fuels the consumption to produce mechanical energy in transports and the technological consumption, e.g. consumption of coal to produce metallurgical coke and for injection in blast furnaces, is added. In 2008, according to the World Energy Outlook (2010), world consumption of fuels was 12 300 million toe (tons oil equivalent), of which 30 660 million barrels of oil and 3100 billion cubic meters of natural gas. For the year 2035, according to the script new scenario of the

This chapter introduces mechanical and electrical energy. Mechanical energy can be broadly classified into potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy refers to the energy any object has because of its position in a force field. Kinetic energy is the work required to accelerate an object to a given speed. Mechanical energy due to the pressure of the fluid is known as pressure energy. This chapter discusses various forms of mechanical energy as well as electric energy.

Energy is the foundation of the development of the world economy. The human society cannot live without energy. Throughout human history, the advancement of the human society is closely related to the exploitation and utilization of energy. The reformation of the energy construction cannot live without the development of science, while the connection between development of the economy and the support of energy cannot be separated. Energy, science and economy are mutually reinforcing and restriction. From the view of the sustainable development of society, the exploitation and utilization of the renewable energy and taking place of the traditional fossil fuel are important direction for the human to reform the construction of the energy. However, the existing grid construction is impossible to meet the demand of promoting energy conversion between different kinds of energy and improving the efficiency of the energy utilization. In order to solve this imminent problem, people begin to do research on a novel energy network construction which is known as Energy Internet. Constructed with the concept of the Internet, Energy Internet is a wide area network which combines economics, information and energy. Through building a large power grid as the backbone network and forming an open, equal economic, information and energy integrated framework, Energy Internet realizes the bidirectional energy transmission and dynamic balance utilization to maximize the adaptation to the access of the new energy. Moreover, in Energy Internet, energy is able to be conversed among electric energy, chemical energy and heat energy, meanwhile, as the hub of the energy conversion, power system should undertake the core energy conversion. This chapter introduces a novel energy network construction and makes a detailed discussion on the concept, characteristics, construction and the contained energy types of Energy Internet.

Kinetic vibration microgenerator with low output voltage for hydrogen production

We propose an optimal electric and heat energy management for a cooperative multi-microgrid community. The sequentially-coordinated operation for heat energy is proposed in order to distribute the computational burden as an extension of “Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations” and is following the sequentially-coordinated operations for electric energy in it. This sequentially-coordinated operation for heat energy is mathematically modeled and how to obtain the global heat energy optimization solution in the cooperative multi-microgrid community is presented. The global heat energy optimization is achieved for the cooperative community by adjusting the combined electric and heat energy production amounts of combined heat and power (CHP) generators and the heat energy production amount of heat only boilers (HOBs) which satisfy all heat loads, as well as optimize the external electric energy trading in order to minimize the unnecessary cost from the external electric trading, and/or maximize the profit from the external electric trading. To validate the proposed mathematical energy management models, a simulation study is also conducted.

— Realistic systems generally are systems with various inputs and outputs also known as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). Such systems usually prove to be complex and difficult to model and control purposes. Therefore, decomposition was used to separate individual inputs and outputs. A PID is assigned to each individual pair to regulate desired settling time. Suitable parameters of PIDs obtained from Genetic Algorithm (GA), using Mean of Squared Error (MSE) objective function. Keywords — Gas Turbine, PID, Genetic Algorithm, Transfer function.Mean of Squared ErrorI. I NTRODUCTION N electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. It is analogous to a water pump, which causes water to flow (but does not create water). The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy. Early 20th century alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. In fact many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity, and very frequently make acceptable generators.

— Realistic systems generally are systems with various inputs and outputs also known as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). Such systems usually prove to be complex and difficult to model and control purposes. Therefore, decomposition was used to separate individual inputs and outputs. A PID is assigned to each individual pair to regulate desired settling time. Suitable parameters of PIDs obtained from Genetic Algorithm (GA), using Mean of Squared Error (MSE) objective function. Keywords — Gas Turbine, PID, Genetic Algorithm, Transfer function.Mean of Squared ErrorI. I NTRODUCTION N electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electric charge (usually carried by electrons) to flow through an external electrical circuit. It is analogous to a water pump, which causes water to flow (but does not create water). The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy. Early 20th century alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. In fact many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity, and very frequently make acceptable generators.

This research was carried out in farms which have 100 and more cows with commercial biogas production capacity, in 2019 in Tekirdağ. This is because it is stated that if the livestock enterprises have at least 100 animals, biogas production can be realized economically. The distribution and number of farms with this feature in districts were provided from Tekirdağ Food, Agriculture and Livestock Provincial Directorate. Biogas is generally used by converting it to heat and electrical energy. While it is used mostly for heating purposes in small farms, electricity and heat energy are provided in CHP units in large farms. Total methane production potential and energy value were calculated as 22466 Nm3day-1 and 81756.4 MWhyear-1, respectively. The highest methane production potential and energy value is in Muratlı district and the least is in Çerkezköy district. It was determined that 42512.48 MWhyear-1 useful heat energy and in CHP unit 28614.17 MWhyear-1 electricity energy and 19784.65 MWhyear-1additional heat energy could be obtained from methane produced by anaerobic fermentation. It is determined that 19067.56 tonsCO2eyear-1 of methane will be released if the manure is stored outdoors. It was determined that methane emission could be reduced by 1087.13 tons CO2eyear-1 if the nitrogen was used in fermentation residues instead of the chemical fertilizer. Total methane retention in the use of methane for heat purposes will be 31590.55 tons CO2eyear-1. Methane emissions will be reduced by 12522.99 tons CO2eyear-1 when used for heat purposes, than the conditions in which the manure is stored outdoors. When methane is used in the CHP unit to provide electricity and heat energy, total methane retention is calculated as 38467.6 tons CO2eyear-1, and the decrease in methane emission is calculated as 19400 tons CO2eyear-1. In animal husbandry enterprises that are located in Tekirdağ and are commercially producing, evaluation of manure without long-term storage by means of anaerobic digestion is important in terms of meeting of the energy requirement and reducing methane emission and the government should encourage enterprises in this regard.

The article deals with the classification of NPP nuclear reactors. A nuclear reactor is a device in which a chain reaction of nuclear fission of heavy elements uranium, plutonium, and thorium takes place, which controls and maintains itself. The possibility of such a reaction is ensured by the fact that each act of nuclear fission produces two or three neutrons capable of causing the fission of other nuclear fuel nuclei loaded into the reactor. In the reactor, simultaneously with the nuclear fission process, there is always, firstly, the absorption of neutrons by materials located in the active zone, and, secondly, the outflow of neutrons from the active zone of the reactor. These two factors make it possible to regulate the nuclear fission process so that the number of neutrons in the active zone and the number of acts of fission per unit of time are constant. Nuclear reactors are very diverse in terms of their parameters, purpose, design and a number of other features. Nuclear reactors can be classified according to the following main distinguishing features: the amount of neutron energy that causes nuclear fission; by type of retarder; according to the type and parameters of the coolant; by constructive execution; according to the compositional decision; by appointment. At nuclear power plants, nuclear reactors are used to generate electrical and thermal energy. At nuclear power plants, they are used to generate thermal energy for the purpose of heating and industrial heat supply. In ship power plants, they are used as sources of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy.