Abstract
Rising demand, climate change, growing fuel costs, outdated power system infrastructures, and new power generation technologies have made renewable distribution generators very attractive in recent years. Because of the increasing penetration level of renewable energy sources in addition to the growth of new electrical demand sectors, such as electrical vehicles, the power system may face serious problems and challenges in the near future. A revolutionary new power grid system, called smart grid, has been developed as a solution to these problems. The smart grid, equipped with modern communication and computation infrastructures, can coordinate different parts of the power system to enhance energy efficiency, reliability, and quality, while decreasing the energy cost. Since conventional distribution networks lack smart infrastructures, much research has been recently done in the distribution part of the smart grid, called smart distribution grid (SDG). This paper surveys contemporary literature in SDG from the perspective of the electricity market in addition to power system considerations. For this purpose, this paper reviews current demand side management methods, supply side management methods, and electrical vehicle charging and discharging techniques in SDG and also discusses their drawbacks. We also present future research directions to tackle new and existing challenges in the SDG.
Highlights
The base existing electrical system in most countries was developed when energy production was relatively cheap
The demand side management (DSM) motivation methods can be categorized into two main programs: incentive based, which is usually more appropriate for the industrial sector, and time based, which is more useful for the residential sector
Regarding the high price of fossil fuel in Europe, this paper shows that plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) are a cost effective solution for many drivers as PHEVs have relatively low variable costs, unlimited total range, and their initial investment is not so high compared to a conventional vehicle
Summary
The base existing electrical system in most countries was developed when energy production was relatively cheap. Researchers in WVU can perform tests in a controlled environment of Etown before integrating it into a larger network [19] These SDGs are used as power supply systems for real consumers; they have some limitations for testing new methods. Testbed developing a SDG control architecture including fuel cells, solar photovoltaics, diesel generators, a storage system, a fast static switch, and a power factor correcting capacitor bank. Su et al in [30] reviewed electrical vehicles (EVs) in SGs and discussed different kinds of EVs, the standards of chargers, battery technologies, and general issues of energy management system with EVs. As communication plays a principle role in SGs, a large amount of researches has been done in this area.
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