Abstract
BackgroundIn Ghana, energy transition as a research theme is new. It is unclear whether energy transition has occurred or not, and if so, in what form. This study sought to find out whether this transition has occurred in Ghana’s electrical energy sector and how using indicators deduced from literature, such as change in energy source type, change in energy ownership and management, and transition to greener vehicular transportation.MethodsInformation on Ghana’s electrical energy transition was obtained from thematic content analysis of Ghana’s renewable energy policy documents, energy sector reports, newspaper articles and information on the websites of Ghana’s energy sector institutions such as the Volta River Authority, Ghana Grid Company Limited, Electricity Company of Ghana and the Northern Electricity Distribution Company.ResultsIn this study, it was demonstrated that two structural changes have occurred in Ghana’s electrical energy sector: (1) Transition from an exclusively hydro energy to a hydro-thermal mix, with thermal energy constituting about 69% of the 2020 generation mix; and (2) Transition from an exclusively state supplied energy to a state-private supply mix, with about 56% of the 2020 supply coming from private companies. These changes were motivated by the need to expand the energy supply in response to an increasing demand of 10–15% per year. The study also indicated that renewable energy had attracted attention in policy, with policy targets such as 10% renewable energy in the energy mix by 2030 and provision of renewable energy to 1000 off-grid communities by 2030. However, renewable energy currently constitutes less than 1% of the electrical energy mix. Also, there has been no change in the heavy reliance on fossil energy for vehicular transportation.ConclusionsThe study concludes that energy transition in its broad sense of structural changes in a country’s electrical energy system has occurred in Ghana, however a sustainable energy transition in the sense of a transition to greener energy has not occurred. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted on why Ghana’s renewable energy agenda has so far only been an agenda in policy with very minimal implementation in practice.
Highlights
In Ghana, energy transition as a research theme is new
The study concludes that energy transition in its broad sense of structural changes in a country’s electrical energy system has occurred in Ghana, a sustainable energy transition in the sense of a transition to greener energy has not occurred
It is recommended that further studies should be conducted on why Ghana’s renewable energy agenda has so far only been an agenda in policy with very minimal implementation in practice
Summary
In Ghana, energy transition as a research theme is new. It is unclear whether energy transition has occurred or not, and if so, in what form. Structural change here implies a change that is significant and not ad hoc or temporal This is exemplified by the World Energy Council Deutschland’s definition of energy transition as a ‘long-term structural change in energy systems’ [2]. This definition is inclusive but somewhat general. The second category defines energy transition as a transition towards greener energy [7] This is exemplified by IRENA’s definition of the term as a ‘pathway towards transformation of the global energy sector from fossil-based to zero-carbon by the second half of this century’ [8]. This conceptualization is useful in Global South contexts where low electricity access necessitates continued investments in non-renewable energy, even when these countries make investments in renewable energy; raising the question of whether expansions in green energy in such contexts constitute energy transitions or rather mere additions
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