Abstract
This paper studies the architectural implications, in terms of size and space requirements, of battery technologies in a built environment using renewable energy and energy storage technologies. These aspects will be of particular interest as the world transitions to a low carbon future. This paper is the first to focus on the physical size of storage systems required to provide particular storage characteristics. The research used a quantitative case study methodology and focused on the investigation of nine battery technologies based on potential technology and energy consumption scenarios in 2030. Different residential building scales at a local distribution scale are explored considering sub-daily autonomy periods. Four case studies in a 2030 scenario are presented. For each case study, the nominal capacity, spatial requirements and costs are assessed for each technology. A schematic characterisation of the technologies was derived considering their suitability across these aspects as well as their applicability at different scales. The study showed that the architectural implications of the spatial and structural requirements are significant in some cases and negligible in others, with Li-ion and Zn-air technologies having minimal space requirements.
Highlights
IntroductionThe energy-related CO2 emissions produced by the building and construction sectors amount to 37% [1]
Sustainable development and the potential irreversible loss of natural capital has recently been at the forefront of environmental, economic and social discussions globally.The energy-related CO2 emissions produced by the building and construction sectors amount to 37% [1]
To better understand the research trajectory, [33] formed a review paper including technical and non-technical characteristics of battery storage technologies, the 2017 article [34] looked at scenario building, the following publication [35] focused on daily storage requirements, while the 2019 study [36] investigated sub-daily autonomy periods, as is the case with this current paper
Summary
The energy-related CO2 emissions produced by the building and construction sectors amount to 37% [1]. The final energy demand for the building stock continues to rise as actions to increase energy efficiency have failed to compensate for the increasing floor area [1]. In order to reduce these emissions, ambitious targets and policies have been set by governments and other entities. EU targets address a notable CO2 reduction of 80% to 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels [2]. Wide deployment of renewable energy technologies is already an indispensable element of energy planning, and it is anticipated that, together with electrical energy storage technologies, they will play an important role in the future built environment [3], assisting significantly towards the reduction of carbon emissions
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